A review of green remediation strategies for heavy metal contaminated soil

Heavy metals and metalloids can accumulate in soil, with potentially toxic effects to human health ecosystems, threatening the sustainable use management of soil resources. Although a number remediation technologies, such as Solidification/Stabilization (S/S), washing, electrokinetic chemical oxidation/reduction be applied for immobilization, removal or detoxification heavy environmental, social economic impacts associated these conventional approaches hinder their overall sustainability. More attempts have been made maximize ‘net environmental benefit’ various ways, including recovering resources, embracing nature-based solutions (NBS), saving energy emergence development ‘green remediation’ (GSR) movement. This review critically discusses green strategies, novel amendments being utilized approaches. Iron-based are most promising candidates due highest stabilization performances both oxyanions metallic cations well relatively low disturbance soil. In comparison, waste-derived materials suffer from risks contaminant release long run, reducing sustainability despite costs. It has found that phytoremediation amendment-based S/S typically ‘greenest’ but wise decisions should on basis case-specific assessment results. Finally, it is proposed integration several techniques may synergistic effect efficiency.